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![]() Adapted from Schroeder [2] |
The Mennonites come to the Vistula
On the north shore of Poland, east of Germany and south-west of Lithuania, the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła; German: Weichsel) empties into the Baltic Sea. The three corners of the Vistula Delta are almost perfectly demarcated by the great city of Gdańsk (Danzig), to the north-west, Elbing to the north-east, and Marienburg to the south. For whatever reason, these three towns were the focal points of Mennonite settlement. Some congregations still exist in this area.
It was here, starting around 1535 that Mennonites, who called themselves Doopsgezind, “Baptism-minded” in Dutch, began their existence in the Polish lands. Some of the more significant areas for Mennonite genealogy include "Danzig Werder (i.e., marsh), Scharpau, Tiegenhof, Marienburg Werder, Heubuden, Herrenhagen, and Einlage."[3]
At first, their presence was one as un-invited refugees, yet tolerated. Toleration increased, sometimes to the point of exploitation, when it became clear that these "Hollanders" were experts at farming and draining the swampy Vistula lowlands. [3]
It must be underscored that the single commonality among these Hollanders, called Holenders (Holęder) or Olender (Olęder) by the Poles, was that they were Protestants, either Anabaptist or Lutheran. Furthermore, these refugees from the Netherlands and norther Germany could be Dutch from Holland, Frisians from Friesland, or Flemish from Flanders.
"The names holendrzy (Dutch) and osadnictwo holenderskie (Dutch colonization) referred primarily to the newcomers' farming style and their social status. The Dutch settlers introduced into the Polish lands the social and economic system that originated in the Netherlands and northern Germany. The system was a combination of interrelated elements such as: the structure of the community, methods of clearing, draining, and cultivating marshy areas, and farming-related and residential architecture. Unlike the rest of the rural population, the Dutch were free tenants." [4]
Dutch Mennonite Settlements [Olęderskie Mennonici / Mennoniten Siedlung]
http://www.marienburg.pl/printview.php?t=259&start=0&sid=f8f7457030c835ff0bd09938de4049f6
kolekcjoner - Nie 05 Sie, 2007 22:23
As far as I know, the first Mennonite families arrived in 1526 to Malbork. This information is by Mr. Edmund Kizika from Gdansk (Edmund Kizik, Mennonites in Gdansk, Elblag and Żuławy Vistula in the second half of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Gdańsk 1994, p. 8, 1940-1952). Below the text of a piece of my Mennonite.
"The beginning of the sixteenth century, numerous anabaptystyczne religious movements which have developed as a pacifist attitude of society towards the numerous wars in contemporary Europe. Another reason for the formation of the new emerging religion of Christianity was based on opposition societies in relation to the main directions of the Reformation - Lutheranism and Calvinism. This religion was mennonityzm derived its name after its creator - Menno Simons (1492-1561). The main distinguishing characteristic of this religious movement was a baptism of adults (a characteristic also for other movements anabaptystycznych) and bezkapłańska structure of society. The role of the priest among the righteous older Mennonite community. with full rights community members were the only persons baptized, so that children and followers of other religions living in this community were not able to participate fully in its religious practices, were also included in the statistical statements advising of the number of community groups Żuławski. mennonityzmu assumptions prohibit members of the public swearing , active participation in society, impose an obligation to pacifism and to recognize the New Testament as a rule the organization of the society of the faithful.
Mennonites were overwhelmingly rural population engaged in the cultivation of the soil and the breeding of livestock. But there was, admittedly a small percentage of members of this community dealing with the craft within the urban areas, as well as leading the tavern, and later dealing with merchants.
War, which swept through the sixteenth - century Netherlands, led the members of this community to seek a "new place on earth." In this situation, the Republic of lying on the north end of Żuławy, with its religious tolerance and the need for community knowing how to get along with the water were a perfect place for starting a new homeland. Not without significance was coming from the owners of these lands signals addressed to the Netherlands, and talking about the demand for new settlers who could in a rational and modern way Zulawska manage the difficult ground (Loitzowie - 1547, around Nowy Dwor Gd; Wejherowo - after 1581 years for the same area, the City Council of Elblag - after 1567, Żuławy Elbląg). Emerging settlement units, often settling of old, worn in the mid-sixteenth century the village are invested on Chelmno law, led to a transition to the new tracking law known as "olęderskiego. Population deposited on the right, beyond the defined "wolnizną" or short-term relief from all services also had the privilege of the land lease for a period of 30 - 40 years, which resulted in the transfer of land to his heirs. This privilege was very beneficial in moving subject of the lease on the following family members and remain in the same hands for long periods.
The beginnings of colonization, "olęderskiego" for different parts of Żuławy are very different. And so, the likely emergence of the earliest Mennonite takes place probably in Malbork in 1526, but it is not confirmed in later sources. Probably in 1534, "olędrzy" settle in Gdansk in 1547 to Żuławy, about 1550 in Elbląg and surroundings, in the southern part of the Great Żuławy Malbork, and 1567 years in the vicinity of Nowy Dwor Gd. Groups living in rural areas were brought in to remove the effects of floods in the years 1540 and 1543, which is in a disastrous way Żuławy devastated. However, groups living in cities, suburbs and actually trudniły mainly crafts and wyszynkiem. "
According to xxxx at www.holland.org.pl, the "following villages were founded or re-founded with participation of Dutch settlers."
Wielkie Żuławy | Grosswerder | |
Żuławy Gdańskie | Danzigerwerder | |
Dzierżawa Nowodworska | Nowo Dwor Lease | |
Małe Żuławy Malborskie | Marienburg Klienenwerder | |
Wielkie Żuławy Malborskie | Marienburg Grosswerder | |
Żuławy Elbląskie | Elbing Werder |
Privileges and Toleration
“King John Casimir (1648-1668) issued two "privilegia," 16 July and 28 November 1650, which were renewals of a privilegium of 1642 and applied to the Mennonites of the Marienburg and Graudenz lowlands. The Mennonites and other Dutch immigrants became known as experts in various trades, particularly in draining swamps. Numerous favorable privileges and restricting edicts were issued in the following years. A special manner of settling, i.e., the pattern by which the "Hollanders" settled and rented their land, became known throughout Poland."[3]
[Back to Intro] [Next to Schwetzer Neiderung]
Janzen, Reinhild Kauenhoven. "Sources and Styles of the Material Culture of the Mennonites in the Vistula Delta. Mennonite Quarterly Review. 167-198.
Kizik, Edmund. "A Radical Attempt to Resolve the Mennonite Question in Danzig in the Mid-Eighteenth Century: The Decline of Relations Between the City of Danzig and the Mennonites." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 66 (1992): 127-154.
Kizik, Edmund. "Religious Freedom and the Limits of Social Assimilation: The History of the Mennonites in Danzig and the Vistula Delta Until Their Tragic End After World War II." From martyr to muppy: A historical introduction to cultural assimilation processes of a religious minority in the Netherlands: the Mennonites. Ed. Alastair Hamilton, Sjouke Voolstra, and Piet Visser. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1994.
Friesen, John. "Education, Pietism, and Change Among in Nineteenth-Century Prussia." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 155-166.
Friesen, John. "The Relationship of Prussian Mennonites to German Nationalism." Mennonite Images: Historical, Cultural, and Literary Essays Dealing with Mennonite Issues. Ed. Harry Loewen. Winnipeg: Hyperion Press Limited, 1980.
Driedger, Johann. "Farming Among the Mennonites in West and East Prussia, 1534-1945." Mennointe Quarterly Review. 16-21.
Myovich, Sam. "Review Essay: Mennonici w Gdańsku, Elbagu i na Źulawach Wiślanych w drugiej połowie xvii i w xviii wieku: studium z dziejów małej społecznośći wyznaniowej, [Mennonites in Danzig, Elbing and the Vistula Lowlands in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century and in the Eighteenth Century: A Study in the History of a Small Confessional Community]. by Edmund Kizik." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 70 (1996):215-232.
Goertz, Adalbert. "Research Note: The Marriage Records of Montau in Prussia for 1661-1704." Mennontie Quarterly Review. 50 (1976):240-250.
Klassen, Peter J. "Faith and Culture in Conflict: Mennonites in the Vistula Delta." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 57 (1983):194-205.
Jantzen, Mark."Vistula Delta Mennonites Encounter Modern German Nationalism, 1813-1820." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 78 (2004):185-212.
Janzen, Reinhild Kauenhoven. "Sources and Styles of the Material Culture of the Mennonites in the Vistula Delta." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 66 (1992):167-198.
Driedger, Johann. "Farming Among the Mennonites in West and East Prussia, 1534-1945." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 31 (1957):16-21.
Rybak, Arkadiusz. "The Significance of the Agricultural Achievements of the Mennonites in the Vistula-Nogat Delta." Trans. Peter J. Klassen. Mennonite Quarterly Review. 66 (1992):214-220.
Klassen, Peter J. "Barriers to Emigration From Prussia." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 72 (1998):84-95.
Klassen, Peter J. "A Homeland for Strangers and an Uneasy Legacy." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 66 (1992):117-126.
Thiesen, John D. "First Duty of the Citizen: Mennonite Identity and Military Exemption in Prussia, 1848-1877." Mennonite Quarterly Review. 72 (1998):161-181.
Toews, John B. "A Prussian Mennonite Experiences the Napoleonic Wars: The Account of Abraham Neufeldt." Mennonite Life. 43.2 (1988):4-12.
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